Computer Ethics, Summer 2010

Week 2, Thursday (class 6)
Corboy Law Room 323


Read: §2.1, 2.2 of Baase on privacy
Read http://cs.luc.edu/pld/ethics/garfinkel_RFID.pdf on privacy


DMCA
ASCAP
Transformative Use
Dozier

Privacy
From whom?
AOL leak
RFID

Viacom v Youtube

filed March 2007

This case has not yet come to trial. Google (Youtube's owner) has cited OCILLA in its defense; Viacom is still trying to claim statutory damages. Question: does Youtube try to "induce" users to upload protected stuff? This remains a major unsettled issue; see MGM v Grokster.

Here's a July 2008 BusinessWeek article on the case:
http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jul2008/tc2008073_435740.htm.

Here's a January 2009 blog on the case:
http://copyrightsandcampaigns.blogspot.com/2009/01/viacom-v-youtube-viacoms-anti-piracy.html.

Here's a March 2009 blog, addressing (among other things) the fact that Viacom's discovery motions involve in excess of 12 terabytes of data: http://www.digitalmedialawyerblog.com/2009/03/controlling_discovery_in_digit.html.

Here's a March 2010 story, including several internal youtube emails about how aggressive they should be on rejecting copyrighted content: http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/company-news/viacom-v-youtube-google-a-piracy-case-in-their-own-words/19407896. For example:

On July 19, Chen wrote to Hurley and Karim: "Jawed, please stop putting stolen videos on the site. We're going to have a tough time defending the fact that we're not liable for the copyrighted material on the site because we didn't put it up when one of the co-founders is blatantly stealing content from from other sites and trying to get everyone to see it." Four days later, Karim sent a link to the other founders, and Hurley told him that if they rejected it, they needed to reject all copyrighted material. Karim's reply: "I say we reject this one but not the others. This one is totally blatant."

A July 29 email conversation about competing video sites laid out the importance to YouTube of continuing to use the copyrighted material. "Steal it!" Chen said , and got a reply from Hurley, "hmmm, steal the movies?" Chen's answer: "we have to keep in mind that we need to attract traffic. how much traffic will we get from personal videos? remember, the only reason our traffic surged was due to a video of this type."

Here's another March 2010 blog, which makes some interesting points about how time is on Youtube's side, and how Viacom has made some major tactical errors: http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2010/03/viacom_v_youtub.htm.

First, YouTube has repositioned itself from "video grokster" to Good Internet Citizen, withPredominately Non-Infringing Uses.

Perhaps more importantly, the intervening time has been good to YouTube as a business and as a brand. In this sense, compare Grokster to YouTube. At the time of the Grokster cases, it was still very much an open question whether Grokster would ever evolve into a tool where legitimate activity dominated. While we might still have had that same question about YouTube in 2006, by 2010 YouTube has answered that question resoundingly. YouTube’s business practices have matured, everyone has had positive legitimate experiences with YouTube (even behind-the-curve judges), and it’s clear that major legitimate players have adopted YouTube as a platform for their legitimate activities. For example, YouTube’s brief makes the point that all of the 2008 presidential candidates published YouTube videos as part of their campaign. I’m guessing no 2004 presidential candidates used Grokster for campaign purposes.

But Viacom has  tremendously undermined their case that Youtube should have been able to tell which Viacom videos were forbidden, by being unable to tell themselves!

In YouTube’s case, I could not get over that Viacom has TWICE withdrawn clips from its complaint. I thought the first time Viacom did that was embarrassing and damaging to Viacom’s case, but then Viacom admitted that it didn’t catch all of its errors on the first withdrawal and therefore had to make a second withdrawal of clips. WTF? How hard it is for Viacom to accurately determine which clips it has not permitted to show on YouTube? Whether it intended to or not, Viacom has answered that question to its detriment: hard enough that an entire brigade of extremely expensive lawyers obligated to do factual investigations by Rule 11 can’t get the facts right the first OR SECOND time. For me, this undercuts Viacom’s credibility to its core. ... Viacom’s failings have proven to the judge that it’s too hard—too hard for lawyers charging upwards of $1k an hour despite having unrestricted access to accurate information in their clients’ possession, and clearly too hard for YouTube’s slightly-above-minimum-wage customer support representatives with no such information advantages.

Finally, there is an allegation (at the dailyfinance.com site above, not the ericgoldman.org site) that Viacom itself was doing much of the uploading of its material, for marketing purposes:

Google's brief recites in great detail Viacom's use of YouTube as a promotional engine for its products, explaining how Viacom hired at least 18 marketing firms to upload video on its behalf in order to distance itself from the uploading and make it appear that the videos were genuine, grassroots uploads. Viacom would "rough up" the video to make it look pirated, and would even send its employees off-site to places like Kinko's so that uploading would occur from computers untraceable to Viacom.

What do you think of the OCILLA defense here? One point that has been made is that, while OCILLA might block a financial claim, it might not block a Viacom request for a court restraining order that Youtube desist completely. But that was before Viacom's mistake, above.

Now consider www.vidtomp3.com. Many bands allow music videos to be uploaded to youtube, as "advertising", likely on the assumption that the music cannot easily be downloaded. But vidtomp3.com makes that easy! It is true that the encoding rate is usually relatively low (64kbps?), but it's still a great deal.

Also note vidtomp3's disclaimer:

This site is in no way associated with myspace, youtube or any of the other video sites we support. This tool is designed to be used in compliance with each sites ToS and local and national copyright laws. We do not support piracy. Only rip the sound or use youtube downloader from none-copyrighted sources.

Is this an honest sentiment, or is it a "grokster defense"?


YouTube: is it an example of "good" sharing or "bad" sharing??

See Baase pp 219-222


Some sites once devoted to file-sharing and copy-protection technologies:

musicview.com: GONE!
dontbuycds.org: GOING GREAT! Well, maybe not so great, but it's still there. No change since 2008.
Oh, and check out darknoisetechnologies.com
(oops, how about http://news.cnet.com/SunnComm-buys-music-antipiracy-company/2100-1027_3-5153609.html)
Original idea was to add some subaudible "hiss" to recordings. It was subaudible when you listened directly, but when you tried to save a copy, or even record with a microphone from your speakers, the music would be ruined.
   
 
Project Gutenberg: http://gutenberg.org
 
Eldred v Ashcroft: Eric Eldred maintained a website of public-domain books unrelated to Project Gutenberg's, although he did do some scanning/typing for them.

What does it mean for copyrights if Congress extends the term continuously?



Amazon has now scanned in most of the books they sell, and offers full-text search of the book contents. This is intended as providing an online equivalent of browsing in a physical bookstore. They apparently did not get a lot of publisher permissions to do this.

Apparently, however, no major lawsuit has ever been filed!

Note that what Amazon has done arguably earns them ZERO dmca shield: they've actively scanned the books, and keep the images on their servers.

Clearly, "effect on the market" must be presumed POSITIVE. However, see http://www.authorslawyer.com/c-amazon.shtml.

ASCAP

How music copyrights are "supposed" to work: ASCAP (the American Society of Composers, Authors, & Publishers). See ascap.com.
 
ASCAP: collects on behalf of all members, = original songwriters.
 
To perform, you need a license from ASCAP, BMI, & third one (SESAC?). See ascap.com/licensing. Even if you write your own songs and perform only them, you still may be asked to show you have these licenses! While that sounds appalling to some, it's based on the not-implausible idea that the nightclub/venue where you play is the entity to actually pay the fees, and they have no guarantee you won't whip out an old Beatles song. [Richard Hayes Phillips, a musician who plays only his own and traditional material, did apparently beat BMI here. But not without a prolonged fight.]
 
Blanket performance licenses are generally affordable, though not negligible.

Generally ASCAP licenses do not allow:
That is, a university with regular chamber-music concerts (not covered by copyright) must pay ASCAP just as if these were copyrighted music.
 
You need a license to play recorded music at public places, too.  You do not get this right automatically when you buy a CD. Nor does purchasing sheet music provide you with any performance right.
 
ASCAP collects your money, keeps about 12%, and sends the rest off to its members. At one time this was in proportion to their radio play, which meant that if you play music no longer found on the radio, the original songwriters will get nothing. The rules have changed, however; now, ASCAP licensees have to supply information about what was played in order to ensure proper crediting.
 
ASCAP and BMI continue to support the idea of a strict difference between public and private listening. While there are grey areas here, it is hard to see that technology or file-sharing has contributed any new ones.

They are very concerned about web radio, and have had reasonable success in making it unaffordable for any but commercial stations with traditional formats.

TRANSFORMATIVE use

This describes copying where the "purpose .. of the use" (factor 1) is wholly different from the purpose of the original. Typically it may be important that the new use offer something to the public that was otherwise unavailable.

Parodies are usually considered transformative use.

Another example: from Diebold v Online Policy Group, & some Swarthmore students: (Actually, they were suing Diebold; the students had posted some internal Diebold memos, and Diebold was wildly filing DMCA takedown notices. The students, and the EFF, felt these were an abuse of the DMCA process.)

From the judge's opinion:
Finally, Plaintiffs' ... use was transformative: they used the email archive to support criticism that is in the public interest, not to develop electronic voting technology. Accordingly, there is no genuine issue of material fact that Diebold, through its use of the DMCA, sought to and did in fact suppress publication of content that is not subject to copyright protection.

The Kelly and Perfect 10 cases below address this doctrine of "transformative". We'll return to this under "Free Speech"

Kelly and Perfect 10

Baase p 232-233:
    Kelly v Arriba Soft: 2002
    Perfect 10 v Google: 2006 -- ??

Kelly was a photographer incensed that Arriba Soft's "ditto.com" search engine was displaying thumbnails of his images. (There still is a ditto.com, but I have no idea whether it is connected to the original one.) The 9th Circuit ruled thumbnails were fair use, but not links to full-sized images. They later reversed that last point.
  
Four-factor analysis:
Purpose and Character:     use is transformative
Nature of work:                 creative work on internet; "slightly in favor of Kelly"
Amount & Substantiality: irrelevant; whole image must be copied
Effect on market: The court found no harm to Kelly's market; in fact, by helping people find Kelly's images they might help him. Use of thumbnails weighed heavily here: they aren't nearly as attractive as originals.
   

Now to the Perfect 10 case. Perfect 10 sold nude images; they claimed to have a business plan to sell thumbnail images to cellphone users.

Question: does this undermine the thumbnail analysis in Kelly v Arriba Soft?

This question goes pretty much to the heart of Google's ability to provide image searching.

images.google.com is an image-based search engine; it frames full-sized images, and caches thumbnails.

P10's images came up on google only when some third party posted them (at some third-party site), apparently without authorization.

District court:

The District Court ruled that links were ok, but thumbnails were not. More precisely, the court granted an injunction against the thumbnails, but not against the links. The case is still not decided completely (and probably won't be).

Wikipedia documents the District Court ruling in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_10_v._Google_Inc.
   
Judge Howard Matz (emphasis added):

The first, second, and fourth fair use factors weigh slightly in favor of P10. The third weighs in neither party’s favor. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Google’s creation of thumbnails of P10’s copyrighted full-size images, and the subsequent display of those thumbnails as Google Image Search results, likely do not fall within the fair use exception. The Court reaches this conclusion despite the enormous public benefit that search engines such as Google provide. Although the Court is reluctant to issue a ruling that might impede the advance of internet technology, and although it is appropriate for courts to consider the immense value to the public of such technologies, existing judicial precedents do not allow such considerations to trump a reasoned analysis of the four fair use factors.

Note that Judge Matz does not believe that value to the public has priority over the fair-use factors.
 

Ninth Circuit

Ninth Circuit then reversed this: all of it is likely enough (as of 2008) fair use that P10 loses their injunction!!
Their preliminary decision at http://webpages.cs.luc.edu/~pld/ethics/Perfect10vGoogle9thCir12-2007.pdf.

The bottom line was that google's use was TRANSFORMATIVE.

Google might still be liable for contributory infringement. However, it appears that P10 has mostly abandoned the case.

Appeals court ruling points:
1. Google DMCA defense
2. P10's "display right" and "distribution right" are at issue.
3. [server test: whose server are the images really on?]

From the preliminary decision:
Applying the server test, the district court concluded that Perfect 10 was likely to succeed in its claim that Google’s thumbnails constituted direct infringement but was unlikely to succeed in its claim that Google’s in-line linking to full-size infringing images constituted a direct infringement. Id. at 84345. As explained below, because this analysis comports with the language of the Copyright Act, we agree with the district court’s resolution of both these issues. [15458 (15), last ¶]

Google isn't doing it:
[6] Google does not, however, display a copy of full-size infringing photographic images for purposes of the Copyright Act when Google frames in-line linked images that appear on a user’s computer screen.[15460 (17)]

Contributory infringement is not at issue.
Perfect 10 incorrectly relies on Hotaling v. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and Napster for the proposition that merely making images “available” violates the copyright owner’s distribution right. [15463 (20)]
   
Isn't this "making available" a core issue for file sharers?

At this point the appeals court turns to Google's Fair Use defense
       
In applying the fair use analysis in this case, we are guided by Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp., ... In Kelly, a photographer brought a direct infringement claim against Arriba, the operator of an Internet search engine. ... We held that Arriba’s use of thumbnail images was a fair use primarily based on the transformative nature of a search engine and its benefit to the public. Id. at 818-22. We also concluded that Arriba’s use of the thumbnail images did not harm the photographer’s market for his image. [15466 (23)]

Recall the District Court judge's reluctance to put much stock in "benefit to the public"

Purpose and Character: Again, use is transformative. Very much so.  Just what is this??
District Court: this was diminished, in terms of Google's use of thumbnails, by P10's plan to sell thumbnails. Also, google's use is commercial.
     
9th Circuit: "In conducting our case-specific analysis of fair use in light of the purposes of copyright,": this is an explicit acknowledgement of the Copyright Clause. [15470 (27), ¶ starting in middle of page]

Bottom line: Purpose&Character goes from DC's "slightly in favor of P10" to Ninth's "heavily in favor of Google"

Also note, same paragraph:
The Supreme Court, however, has directed us to be mindful of the extent to which a use promotes the purposes of copyright and serves the interests of the public.

One of the cases cited as evidence of this directive is Sony. Another is the 1993 Campbell case (about a 2 Live Crew parody of the Roy Orbison song Pretty Woman), in which the Supreme Court stated that "the more transformative the new work, the less will be the significance of other factors, like commercialism, that may weigh against a finding of fair use". [15471 (28)]. (See http://supreme.justia.com/us/510/569/case.html. A major element of the Campbell case was that the Supreme Court backed away from the idea that commercial use would seldom qualify as "Fair use"; compare this with the earlier Sony quote "although every commercial use of copyrighted material is presumptively an unfair exploitation of the monopoly privilege that belongs to the owner of the copyright,....")

Also:  
we note the importance of analyzing fair use flexibly in light of new circumstances [15471 (28)]


   
Nature of work: no change; still "slightly in favor of Kelly". Part of the "slightly" was that the images were already published.

Amount & Substantiality: irrelevant; whole image must be copied; see [15473 (30)]

Effect on market: P10 did not prove their market for thumbnail images was harmed. So this didn't count. But how would they ever do that?? More precisely, "the district court did not find that any downloads for mobile phone use had taken place." [15470 (27), last line of page]

Whoa! Is that last issue really fair? Did the DC even consider that point?

More at [15474 (31)], end of 1st and 2nd paragraphs


We conclude that Google is likely to succeed in proving its fair use defense and, accordingly, we vacate the preliminary injunction regarding Google’s use of thumbnail images."

Note how the appellate court sort of finessed the "effect on the market" issue.
 
Another option: why were P10's images ever found? Because users uploaded them illegally. There is another path here: to allow google to provide thumbnails and links only so long as the originals are present. Then, P10 can go after the originals.

An interesting question: if P10 had been selling something more socially acceptable than soft-core pornography, might this decision have gone the other way? There's an old legal saying that "bad cases make bad law"; is this an example?

 
 
Dozier Internet Law, http://www.cybertriallawyer.com


1. Lots of solid mainstream copyright cases:
    architectural designs
    jewelry designs
    advertising work (sitforthecure.com)
    stolen websites for:
        gamers sites
        physicians
        small businesses
         
2. Their AMAZING user agreement:
    http://dozierinternetlaw.cybertriallawyer.com

We do not permit you to view such [website html] code since we consider it to be our intellectual property.

Where are they coming from?
  
3. Dozier Internet Law and Sue Scheff

Sue Scheff was a client of Dozier Internet Law, which we looked at last week. She won an $11.3 million dollar verdict in her internet-defamation case; she later wrote a book Google Bomb. The defendant was Carey Bock of Louisiana.

But see http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-10-internet-defamation-case_x.htm. It turns out Ms Bock couldn't afford an attorney, as she was at the time of the case a displaced person due to Hurricane Katrina, and she did not appear in the case at all.

So we don't really know what happened. However, it is clear that at this point Ms Scheff has become a master at reversing being google-bombed; if you google for her name, her multiple blogs touting her book will likely lead the list.


Kindle case

see:
    http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123419309890963869.html
    http://www.engadget.com/2009/02/11/know-your-rights-does-the-kindle-2s-text-to-speech-infringe-au
    http://mbyerly.blogspot.com/2009/02/authors-guild-versus-amazon-kindle-2.html

The kindle is intended primarily for letting people read e-books. However, it also has a feature to read the book to you, using a synthesized voice. This potentially affects the audiobook market.

The Authors Guild has protested vehemently. They may or may not have filed a lawsuit against Amazon.

pro-kindle arguments:

anti-kindle arguments


Privacy

What is privacy all about? Baase (p 45) says it consists of
Are these all? Note that Baase put control of information as #2; I moved it to #1.

In some sense the second one is really a different category: the need to get away from others. A technological issue here is the prevalence of phones, blackberries, and computers and the difficulty of getting away from work.

The third one is to some degree a subset of the first: who gathers information about us, and how is it shared? Another aspect of the third one is freedom from GOVERNMENTAL spying. Privacy from the government is a major part of Civil Liberties.

Privacy is largely about our sense of control of who knows what about us. We willingly put info onto facebook, and are alarmed only when someone reads it who we did not anticipate.

Privacy from:
Sometimes, when we try to argue for our privacy, we get asked what do you have to hide? Is this fair?

On the other hand, should we care at all about privacy? Or is it just irrelevant?

Strange history: once upon a time we were mostly concerned about privacy from the government, not from private commercial interests.

What do computers have to do with privacy?
Old reason: they make it possible to store (and share) so much more data
Newer reasons: 
 
Baase, p 45: Communist East-German secret police Stasi, and non-computerized privacy invasion

Fourth amendment:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.

Baase p 47: computers "make it easy to produce detailed profiles of our personal characteristics, relationships, activities, opinions, and habits"

Maybe also of what sales pitches we're likely to respond to??
 
Some non-governmental privacy issues: